THE DIFFERENCE OF NOUN IN FRENCH AND INDONESIAN
By: Pipiet Palestin Amurwani
Abstract
Each language has
its own characteristics that distinguish it from other languages. These
differences are important to learn for scientific purposes. This study aims to
describe differences in singles and plural nouns in French and Indonesian.
Research data in the form of singular and plural nouns derived from French and
Indonesian language books. Once collected, data is classified and contrasted to
find out the difference. The results of the study show that in French there are
noun groupings based on gender, namely masculine and feminine nouns, while in
Indonesian there is no such grouping. This grouping results in the use of
articles to distinguish groups of nouns. The "le" article is used for
masculine singular nouns while "la" for feminine nouns. The groupings
in the French noun have an impact on the use of articles that mark the noun
group. Such things are not found in Indonesian.
Keywords: feminine, noun, masculine
Introduction
Along with the increasing number of
people on earth and also its spread, languages also experience development and
change. Comparative linguistics or language comparison is part of linguistics
that examines kinship between languages, especially from a historical point of
view (wikipedia.org). Language can be related because it is derived from the
same source or because of the absorption process. However, studying the
differences found in certain languages is also done for the benefit of science
and also the practice of translation. Therefore, comparative linguistic
research that focuses on the study of differences in linguistic elements is
also being developed. That is caused by the continued development of language
over time either by geographical or environmental factors.
In comparing languages, it is necessary
to know the language families. The closer the kinship of a language, the more
similarities and fewer differences will be found. In addition, knowing the
language family will make it easier to recognize the characteristics of the
language as French is the most famous Roman language family (Romans). Romans is
a branch of the Indo-European language family that grew and developed from
Latin. As a member of the Indo-European family, Roman languages have a number
of features inherited by other Indo-European sub-families, especially English. It
is therefore not surprising to find similarities in French and English. If
someone understands English it will be easier to learn French grammar.
Nevertheless there are still differences between the two because each language
has its own peculiarities. Meanwhile, Indonesian is a language derived from the
Austronesian language family. In the language element there are many
differences with the French language because the two languages are indeed
derived from different language families.
There are some previous studies on
French. Among them was done by Isda Pramuniati (2010) about differences in
adjectives in French and Indonesian; Roswita Lumbang Tobing (2012) about types
of French verbs and their manifestations in clauses; Evi Permata Dara Damanik
(2012) compares French and Indonesian idioms; The court judge Sembiring (2016)
who discusses the use of the verb être or to
be or in Indonesian parallel to the word adalah.
This study focuses its study on
different aspects of French nouns from those in Indonesian. The aim is to
describe whether there are differences between singular and plural noun markers
and gender markers in French and Indonesian. This research is expected to
provide benefits in providing information about French grammar, especially the
use of nouns, so that Indonesian-French translators can be a reference to
produce translations in accordance with the rules of the target language.
Research Methodology
This research is a qualitative
research. The data presented are singular and plural nouns, noun phrases and
sentences containing nouns in French and Indonesian. Data sources include
French books, Indonesian language and dictionaries. The data obtained are grouped
and analyzed and then contrasted with the same elements in Indonesian to find
the difference using Brown's (1980) theory; Ellis (1986) states that in
controversial analysis there are four steps that must be taken, namely (1)
describing the elements of the first language (B1) and the second language
(B2), (2) selecting the elements of language (B1) and (B2) which will be
compared or analyzed, (3) contrasting the language elements (B1 and B2) by
mapping the elements of the two languages analyzed, (4) predicting the
language elements (B1 and B2) for the purpose of teaching language in schools.
Of the four steps, there are three steps that will be applied in this study,
namely steps (1), (2), and (3).
Results and
Discussion
The data in this study are nouns
in French and Indonesian which have singular and plural meaning, and nouns
based on gender. The data obtained are 13 single nouns, 13 plural nouns, 8
masculine nouns, 6 feminine nouns, 10 single noun phrases, 10 plural noun
phrases, 5 plural masculine nouns phrases, 5 plural feminine nouns phrases, and
5 sentences containing nouns ).
Gender Marker
The results showed that French nouns are
grouped into masculine nouns (male) and feminine nouns (female). To distinguish
these nouns, the article "le" for masculine nouns and "la"
for feminine singular nouns, while "les" denotes plural masculine or
feminine nouns. Articles "la", "le", and "le" are
definitive articles that more or less mean "the", "the", or
refer to a certain thing or the same as the "the" article in English.
As shown in data a below;
Data
1a through 6a using the article "le" is a masculine noun (Supardjana:
1990). In data 6a from "le arbre" to "l'arbre" because the
article "le" is used with nouns starting with vowels or "h"
(google.co.id).
No.
|
Singular Nouns
|
Indonesian
|
Plural Nouns
|
Indonesian
|
||
Maskuline
|
Feminine
|
Maskuline
|
Feminine
|
|||
1a.
|
Le
cahier
|
Buku
|
Les
cahiers
|
Buku-buku
|
||
2a.
|
Le
livre
|
Kitab
|
Les
livres
|
Kitab-kitab
|
||
3a.
|
Le
pѐre
|
Ayah
|
Les
pѐres
|
Ayah-ayah
|
||
4a.
|
Le
frѐre
|
Saudara
|
Les
frѐres
|
Saudara-saudara
|
||
5a.
|
Le
soulier
|
Sepatu
|
Les
souliers
|
Sepatu-sepatu
|
||
6a.
|
L’arbre
|
Pohon
|
Les
arbres
|
Pohon-pohon
|
||
Data 7a to 10 a using the article
"la" is a feminine singular noun. Either masculine or feminine nouns,
when it turns into plural nouns the article "le" or "la"
changes to "les" and nouns are given the suffix -s except for nouns
ending in -s, -x or -z. and nouns ending in -au, -eau, and -eu form the plural
by adding -x (Surayin, 1997). Since there are no rules that determine whether
an object is masculine or feminine, it is best to learn an object with the
article. So, in using French you have to memorize nouns and groups.
No.
|
Singular Nouns
(French)
|
Indonesian
|
Plural Nouns
(French)
|
Indonesian
|
||
Maskuline
|
Feminine
|
Maskuline
|
Feminine
|
|||
7a.
|
La
plume
|
Pena
|
Les
plumes
|
Pena-pena
|
||
8a.
|
La
maison
|
Rumah
|
Les
maisons
|
Rumah-rumah
|
||
9a.
|
La
mѐre
|
Ibu
|
Les
mѐres
|
Ibu-ibu
|
||
10a.
|
La
table
|
Meja
|
Les
tables
|
Meja-meja
|
||
This
is different from Indonesian that does not recognize gender in nouns. In the
data above, a single noun in Indonesian does not use any clothing while in the
plural it is repeated nouns and does not end with -s.
In
noun phrases, French has two patterns as seen in the data b. Along with pure
adjectives such as "longue" (long), "grand" (high), the
noun phrase has a "determiner + headword" pattern or in Indonesian it
is called a pattern of Menerangkan
Diterangkan (MD). As shown in data 1b to 4b below;
No.
|
Singular Noun
Phrase (French)
|
Indonesian
|
Plural Noun
Phrase (French)
|
Indonesian
|
||
Maskuline
|
Feminine
|
Maskulin
|
Feminin
|
|||
1b.
|
Le
nouveau livre
Adj.
nomina
|
Buku
baru
nomina adj.
|
Les
nouveaus
Adj.
livres
nomina
|
Buku-buku
nomina
baru
adj.
|
||
2b.
|
Le
grand arbre
Adj.
nomina
|
Pohon tinggi
Nomina
adj.
|
Les
grands
Adj.
arbres
nomina
|
Pohon-pohon
nomina
tinggi
adj.
|
||
3b.
|
La
grand
Adj.
maison
nomina
|
Rumah besar
Nomina adj.
|
Les
grands
Adj.
maisons
nomina
|
Rumah-rumah
nomina
besar
adj.
|
||
4b.
|
La
longue
Adj.
table
nomina
|
Meja panjang
Nomina adj.
|
Les
longues
Adj.
tables
nomina.
|
Meja-meja
nomina
panjang
adj.
|
||
In
the analysis table above nouns as headwords or objects that are explained, are
after adjectives or adjectives as determiners or explanations.
Different
patterns are found in noun phrases whose explanatory element is color. The
pattern used is "headword + determiner" or in the Indonesian language
the pattern is Diterangkan Menerangkan
(DM). As in data 5b to 10b.
No.
|
Singular Noun
Phrases (French)
|
Indonesian
|
Plural Noun
Phrases (French)
|
Indonesian
|
||
Maskuline
|
Feminine
|
Maskuline
|
Feminine
|
|||
5b.
|
Le
livre bleu
Nomina adj. warna
|
Buku
nomina
biru
adj.
warna
|
Les
livres
nomina
bleus
adj.warna
|
Buku-buku
nomina
biru
adj.
warna
|
||
6b.
|
La serviette bleue
|
Tas
biru
|
Les
serviettes bleues
|
Tas-tas
biru
|
||
7b.
|
Le
stylo noir
|
Pilpen
hitam
|
Les
stylos noirs
|
Pulpen-pulpen
hitam
|
||
8b.
|
La
tableu blance
|
Meja
putih
|
Les
tableus blances
|
Meja-meja
putih
|
||
9b.
|
La
robe verte
|
Gaun
hijau
|
Les
robes vertes
|
Gaun-gaun
hijau
|
||
10b.
|
Le
crayon vert
|
Krayon
hijau
|
Les
crayons verts
|
Krayon-krayon
hijau
|
||
In
Indonesian, noun phrases adhering to patterns are explained (DM) or
"headword + determiner" (Chaer, 2009). The pattern does not experience
any change in determiners or words that describe both singular and plural
nouns. The words "bleu", "noir", "blanc",
"vert" are colors in French that are used to describe masculine
nouns. If words that show color are used to describe feminine nouns, the color
adjectives are given the suffix "e" such as "bleu" to
"bleue", "vert" to "verte" and so on. As with
other adjectives, color adjectives must also be suffixed -s if used to describe
plural nouns. This is of course different from adjectives in the form of colors
in Indonesian which have not changed at all wherever used.
Single and
plural markers
In data c, there is the use of the
clothing "un" for masculine singular nouns and "une" for
feminine singular nouns. The word clothing has the meaning "sebuah"
in Indonesian. In Indonesian there are no rules that require adding the word
"sebuah" at the beginning of a single noun. The number that refers to
the noun is directly explained through the context of the sentence.
Semantically, color includes adjectives whose use in phrases or sentences is
the same as other adjectives (Chaer, 1990).
The word "un" or
"une" will change to be "des" which means "beberapa"
if the nouns that follow are in the plural. Plural nouns in French as explained
previously are given the suffix -s or are excluded. The words ‘un’ and ‘une’
which means ‘sebuah, and ‘des’ which means ‘beberapa” do not refer to a certain
thing. These changes can be seen in the following data;
No.
|
Singular nouns
(French)
|
Indonesian
|
Plural Nouns
(French)
|
Indonesian
|
||
Maskuline
|
Feminine
|
Maskuline
|
Feminine
|
|||
1c.
|
Un
livre
|
Sebuah
buku
|
des
livres
|
beberapa
buku
|
||
2c.
|
une
chaise
|
Sebuah
kursi
|
des
chaises
|
beberapa
kursi
|
||
3c.
|
Un
banc
|
Sebuah
bangku
|
des
bancs
|
beberapa
bangku
|
||
4c.
|
Une
tableu
|
Sebuah
meja
|
des
tableus
|
beberapa
meja
|
||
5c.
|
Un
sac
|
Sebuah
tas
|
des
sacs
|
beberapa
tas
|
||
The
word "un livre" means "sebuah buku", meaning any book or
not designating a particular book. Likewise the word "des livres"
which means "beberapa buku", does not refer to certain books. The
same explanation for data 2c, 3c, 4c, and 5c.
Nouns
in French have the same function as nouns in Indonesian. In sentences, nouns
can function as subjects or objects. As shown in the 1d data analysis below;
“1d. Le macon batit
des murs. (Tukang batu itu membangun tembok)”
S P O S P O
The
"le macon" noun as the subject is a masculine noun seen from the
article used. The use of the word "le" means that the word "le
macon" has a certain meaning "tukang batu" (Lamaison et Hameau:
1979). In Indonesian, to indicate certain nouns usually use the pointer word
"itu" or "ini" (Chaer, 2009). The word "des murs"
as the object of the sentence has any meaning "tembok" or does not
designate a certain "tembok". The same explanation applies to 2d, 3d,
4d and 5d data.
In addition to the explanation above,
there are exceptions that apply to nouns in French. Some of the exceptions are;
1.
Masculine nouns that end in -e feminine form become -euse.
Example:
le chanteur (penyanyi pria) - la chanteuse (penyanyi wanita)
2.
Masculine nouns ending in –en and –on, the feminine form being –enne and –onne.
Example:
un gardien (pengawal pria) - une gardienne (pengawal wanita)
3.
Masculine nouns ending in er, their feminine form being -ѐre.
Example:
le berger (penggembala pria) -la bergѐre (penggembala wanita)
4.
Masculine nouns ending in -f, their feminine form being -ve.
Example:
un veuf (dua) - une veuve (janda)
5.
Masculine nouns ending in –teur, their feminine form being –trice.
Example:
le directeur (direktur pria) -la directrice (direktur wanita)
Conclusion
Based on the description above, it can be concluded that French and Indonesian
have differences, especially in terms of setting nouns. In French nouns are grouped
based on gender markers, namely masculine and feminine groups, as well as
singular and plural markers. The grouping found in French nouns has an impact
on the use of the article clothing which marks the noun groups both singular
and plural. Such a thing is not found in Indonesian.
Reference
Books
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Chaer,
Abdul. 1990. Pengantar Semantik Bahasa
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______, . 2009. Sintaksis Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
Ellis, Rod, 1986. Understanding Second Language Acquisition.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lamaison, J. A,Hameau. 1979. Cours de Langue et de Civilisation
Francaises. Paris:Librairie Hachette.
Supardjana, Joseph. 1990. Parle Francais (Berbicara Bahasa Perancis).
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Surayin. 1997. Kamus Pemula Perancis-Indonesia Indonesia-Perancis. Bandung:
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